Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 8

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed. Discuss - Essay Example The management team should use harmonious management skills to ensure the diversity is well utilized for the benefit of the organization. This work entails whether organizational culture is manageable or not. Organizational culture management means leaders picking and encouraging fruitful behaviors or human characteristics within the organization. They are meant to evaluate the existing culture then make comparisons with attributed or desired culture to meet the organization’s objectives. But first, the leaders ought to understand such goals or objectives then identify best cultures to meet them (Cox, 2003). The two tasks require special skills since any faulty move may see the whole plan ruined. The existing organizational ideas or norms should be critically analyzed to determine their certainty. The management ought to conduct a departmental survey where each organizational member is engaged in some interviews to verify their perceptions on the existing culture. The finding should be used to make necessary changes or adjustments to improve the organizations’ productivity. These amendments should be done in such away that organizational members have humble time to adjust to them. Top management leaders can encourage their subjects to work in defined groups/ teams then monitor or supervise them. Team work requires workers to interact and communicate in harmony to increase their productivity. This is majorly applied in technological, medical, business and research oriented fields. Team work has got several advantages, for instance, it is associated with great achievement. Working as a team would ensure the task is completed successful since there are several eyes to spot any mistake and rectify it. Each member may have a personal alternative to be analyzed before the best is implemented. It is also associated with self-improvement or appreciation. Working as a team creates flexibility and adaptability among workers (Bell, 2006). One may learn new i deas from a team mate and with time, such experience may help one rise in rank within the organization. Furthermore, team work can enable one learn different skills in a single set up; hence one can handle emergencies should other team mates be held up in other duties. Appreciating each team member is a kind of motivational scheme, hence increased productivity. It helps workers resolve their conflict as they work in the team, furthermore, the aspect of sharing idea would compel them appreciate each other to an extent that they can stand for one another in case of a certain crisis within the organization Management team can use defensive methods to ensure organizational members strictly adhere to some stipulated rules, beliefs, language and dress code among other organizational aspects. Any deviation from the above may lead to suspension, expultion and demotion among other sort of punishments. Members are compeled to act or behave in a certain way for some safety within the organizat ion. Here workers are under some pressure to avoid some mistakes that jeopardize their terms of being in the organization. Defensive management is applicable in educational institutions, private and governmental work places, military organizations and religious organizations among others. Organizational members tend to violate their personal believes or principles just to please their bosses. This kind of management has got some advantages, for i

Poverty and the World Food Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty and the World Food Security - Essay Example This essay discusses the fundamental human rights, such as the right to sufficient quality and quantity of food. In the subject, of assessing the conditions of poverty and food security, this essay is exceptionally extensive, and it also assesses the relation between the two factors. The researcher of this essay focuses on the obligations of the international and states human rights to poverty alleviation and food security. It exhibits the social and policy aspects that coherently reduce the chances of people attaining sufficient food and living standards at the household level. There is proper examination of the requirements of the nations to include and implement policies to increase food availability consequently alleviating poverty. It also addresses the various aspects that can be employed to alleviate poverty through attaining stable food security such as addressing income sufficiency, fulfillment of state responsibilities to human rights, application of antipoverty strategies, and the application of research recommendations on food security. This essay mainly intends to capture the attention of policy makers and institutions dealing with food security. It is also aims to address the general public and inform them about their rights and responsibilities of the state towards their food requirements. In conclusion, the researcher presents this essay as broadly expressive of the issue of food security in alleviating poverty, and it is in a clear and straight forward language that is easy to understand.

Concept of Care and the Nursing Metaparadigm

Concept of Care and the Nursing Metaparadigm Caring is a core element in nursing even yet it remains elusive to the entire nursing metaparadigm. All nurses as required by their profession must be caring. For it is through caring that nursing derives its uniqueness and contributes significantly to health care (Thorne, Canam, Dahinten, Hall, Henderson, and Kirkham, 2002). This is not only the patient as an individual but the family and community as well. Further as the nursing profession continues to take on some of the roles of physicians, it is important to differentiate the profession from that of physicians. Caring seems an obvious component of nursing yet does not feature in the nursing metaparadigm for a number of possible reasons. First, there is a possibility that caring was perceived to be synonymous to nursing. It is true there is little understanding and agreement on what the term refers to. Again, a focus on caring was perceived to delimit the nursing territory (Thorne, Canam, Dahinten, Hall, Henderson, and Kirkham, 2 002). The variability of care makes scientific inquiry almost impossible. It is indeed true that medicinal treatment alone can guarantee healing. This however, becomes tricky with the aged, frail people and those suffering from chronic diseases. These groups of persons need care. According research and experiences recorded by nurses; once patients are well taken good care of, it helps boosts their chances of recovery. This is because sickness, even when traced from traditional societies, was perceived to interact with environment, family, community, spirit and the individual persons. The better an individual feels the greater are his or her chances to respond positively to treatment. This good feeling can be provided by the nurse who establishes confidence, a bond and trust with the patient. Caring is therefore an important concept that needs to feature in the nursing metaparadigm. Without this concept nurses may not be well able to execute some of their duties successfully. Concepts and Metaparadigms Concept refers to terms that define phenomena occurring either in thought or nature (McEwen and Willis, 2006). Concepts normally contain some attributes which help to distinguish them. Since the formulation of concepts employs the use of words, concepts can be broadly be categorized as either concrete or abstract. The former can be perceived by the common senses and include concepts such as universe, passion, ground, which are symbolic and a representation of phenomena. On the other hand abstract concepts include love, anger, passion etc. All these terms are particular to an entity and for that matter descriptive in nature. Concepts can be formulated using a single word, two words or a phrase (McEwen and Willis, 2006). Examples of single word concepts include death, fear, anxiety etc. The concepts with two words can take the form of mutual agreement, self-fulfillment etc. There are concepts which take the form of a phrase such as user-friendly services, environmental conscious behavi or, poor service delivery etc. There are many concepts in different disciplines which help to differentiate one from the other. For the reason purpose of systematic study of nature, it is important to come up with concepts that are clear (Duncan, Cloutier and Bailey, 2007). This becomes a stepping stone that gives researchers and scholars a grasp of reality. It also makes the study of phenomena easier. Also in order to communicate meaning clearly to readers there is need for scholars to avoid ambiguity. This means that every time a term is used in a particular context, scholars must endeavor to define it to ensure proper interpretation. On the other hand metaparadigms define a discipline and set the boundaries with other disciplines. It gives the discipline a global perspective which is useful for the practitioners of the discipline to observe phenomena within their parameter (Van Wyk, 2005). In most cases it comprises a range of major concepts which act as its defining elements. These concepts within a metaparadigm act as limitations or boundaries of the discipline. Again, metaparadigm not only defines a discipline but also outlines its concerns. For instance in nursing metaparadigm we have four concepts which include environment, person, nursing and health. These concepts in general help to define nursing metaparadigm and set it apart from other disciplines or professions for that matter. A clear line is therefore able to be drawn between nursing and physician practice. This is possible because of the different metaparadigms. Evidence to Support Position Historically there are four concepts in the nursing metaparadigm which have been used to describe the context and content of the nursing profession. As much as the four concepts; health, environment, person and nursing continue to be embraced in the nursing fraternity, they have been a number of challenges and proposals being experienced and given as alternatives (Schim, Benkert, Bell, Walker and Danford, 2007). The nursing metaparadigm however, continues to be recognized by all professions in the field. Apart from the four components the concept of caring continues to be a contentious issue. For a long period caring has been ignored since it could not be subjected to scientific inquiry, measured and its impact determined (Thorne, Canam, Dahinten, Hall, Henderson, and Kirkham, 2002). In many instances the ability to cure by use of scientific means through medicinal treatments alone renders the role of caring obsolete. This however, does not apply to those who are weak, aged and suffe ring from chronic diseases (Castledine, 2009). These ones have to be cared for in order to boost their recovery process. Even with the many perceptions and definitions there seem to be an agreement on the components of care. The major focuses of these components are the physical, emotional and psychosocial requirements of the patients (Castledine, 2009). The patient needs to be cared for and in this case the staff is concerned primarily with giving care and little attention is given to end results. For this reason there is need to understand care in a far more refined manner compared to the traditional view of the same (Van Wyk, 2005). It is important for the care givers to be compassionate with those receiving care. The level of concern with the health of patients makes nurses not only to experience whatever the patient is going through but give hope and assurances or recovery. The nurse can also offer assistance in areas where the patients is unable to perform. There are also specific conditions and situations which call for care from the nurses. These problems may be social or medical. Most importan tly care much aim at the preservation of a patients dignity (Castledine, 2009). According to research carried out to examine how students perceive stories shared by nurses, researchers found out the views of four students which centered on the care as developing of trust (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). The stories told by nurses tended to encourage as well as make one student gain confidence to undertake similar experiences. This student in particular went into mimicking the behavior of the nurse such as the use of non-verbal communication thus leading to desirable results. In this way it became apparent to the student that through experimenting with some of the ways demonstrated and practiced by nurses, one could actually make a bond with patients. There is much excitement and one is encouraged to go and try it out with the patients. The view of another student tended to perceive a great percentage of caring resulting from being open to patients and at the same time listening attentively to what they say (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). This student emphasized the need to concentrate on the patient while withholding ones judgment. In this way the student perceived caring as being manifested in a number of ways but most importantly it was channeled towards trust and establishing a bond with the patient (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). Similarly, the same student craved for a mentor who would be instrumental to help her gain confidence, learn to care and see to an improvement of her nursing practice (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). It is true that the care shown to patients makes them feel good about themselves. The nurse should therefore endeavor to improve these skills in order to be successful in executing duty. Moreover, it is important for nurses to exhibit confidence, communicate effectively, respect and be available always to attend to a patients needs. This is a tall order which requires the nurse to be comfortable in a number of situations (Rayman, Ellison, Holmes, 1999). The only way to achieve this is through experience and to allow exposure to a number of situations. These experiences are gained from a number of places. Similarly, it was noted by the student that caring involves being able to stay current on nursing practices, ability to prioritize and doing what is right (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). The concept of caring comprise of various attributes. These attitudes are essential to nursing as a whole. They include attitude, action, variability, relationship and action (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). Nursing as a profession pays much attention to relationship between nurse and patient. This relationship is initiated by the former with the intention of taking action. It is a relationship that calls for cooperation and respect from both parties. The patients require such a relationship for assistance as most of them are not able to care for themselves. In some cases the relationship has been perceived to be a form of friendship as there is concern and affection for one another (Rayman, Ellison and Holmes, 1999). The nurse being the initiator and most active in the relationship is a companion in the clients journey towards recovery. In order for this relationship to be fulfilling there must be intimacy, trust and responsibility. The nurse has the responsibility to develop a trusti ng relationship which comes with patience, openness, love and sincerity. Proximity to the patient is vital and important for the development of intimacy and trust. Since the nurse is in a professional relationship with the patient then all responsibilities are at facing to that direction. The person who is receiving care must be assured of well- being through responsible actions shown by the nurse. Professional care givers therefore need to act in the most current and knowledgeable manner towards their clients (Khademian and Vizeshfar, 2008). In this mission there are guided by professional ethical codes. For instance their conduct must be of high standard and also their decision making must be guided by principles of practice. In conceptual analysis of care there must be action exhibited by the nurse towards the patient. This is not only performing some activities for the patient but also ensuring ones presence at all times. The care giver sees the need of an individual and more than wiling to respond to these needs in a professional manner (Khademian and Vizeshfar, 2008). It is important for instance for the nurse to be interested in the patient as a human being worthy of respect and dignity. It is from her that the nurse will start to exhibit care for the patient. The most obvious of this kind of care is physical. In this case some actions that would make patients feel good about themselves. These actions may include a rub on the back, assisting the patients in and out of bed, chair, dressing and undressing etc. In some cases the nurses will have to assist female patients to do their hair and even apply make-up (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). All these ensure that the patients feel good about themselves. They feel their live has not simply stalled due to sickness but someone is more than willing to see them recover and carry on with the day to day life. A caring nurse must also exhibit a caring touch. As much as the action might seem small, its significance is great. It is a form of non-verbal communication important to establish rapport between the two and changes the perceptions of the patient towards the nurse. Actions such as holding hands, gently stroking the hair are some of the actions that cement the relationship between the nurse and the patient. The physical presence of the nurse is important just like emotional presence. The nurse must not only shares time and space with patients but also listens actively (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). There is need to be a part of the family and share their fears, hopes and aspirations. It is important at this time for the family and the patient to be assured that they are not alone. A nurse may seat by the bedside of the patient telling stories and contributing to whatever the family have to offer. It is simply the feeling of togetherness and appearing like one family. This is a holistic and genuine engagement of the two parties that helps build on trust and confidence. Caring as a concept varies in different circumstances, people involved and the environment at large (Daniels, 2004). Variability in care is therefore another way to describe the changing nature and fluidity of caring. For this reason the more a nurse practices care giving to patients the more experience gained. It is therefore expected of the nurse to offer care corresponding to environment and nature of the patient. There is need to understand that patients are different and need assorted care and attention. Importance to Nursing The introduction of the concept of care in nursing metaparadigm will help reduce emotional labor that always accompanies giving of care among nurses. In the work place nurses normally have emotional regulation which is likely to lead to emotional exhaustion or burn out (Huynh, Alderson and Thompson, 2008). In any organization and in nursing profession in particular it is vital that workers be able to feel their emotions and be aware of the personal costs associated with the services they give to patients. It is important to note that emotional exhaustion of the nurses can come as a result of a number of factors including depersonalization of the patient. As an attribute to care, variability must be taken into consideration such that patients are treated as individuals (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). This cannot be easily achieved if the nurse has not been oriented on some of the principles of care. His or her individuality must be taken into account. Caring gives nursing its uniqueness hence the reason for nurses to be directly involved in care giving. In the modern health care however, the role of care giving is remotely executed by the nurse. For instance it is common for support staff to aid in care giving while under the supervision of a nurse (Clifford, 1995). In this case the role of the nurse is reduced to that of a supervisor and therefore contact with the patient is reduced. The all important link between the nurse and the patient is cut. This makes treatment to be a long and complicated experience for both the nurse and the patient. In defining nursing as a formalized manner of giving care then it becomes easy for the nurses to respond to the needs of patients with compassion. There will be little or no pressure at all for the nurses to fulfill demands that are farfetched from nursing. Their activities as care givers will be guided by the need to respond to health care. The available resources will therefore dictate the activities of the nurses (Clifford, 1995). Through the experience gained in caring for the patients, nurses feel empowered and become mush tolerant of uncertainty. Since an individual is able to connect with the patients, it becomes easy to respond to their needs (Daniels, 2004). In addition the satisfaction gained through work is increased as the nurse becomes energized and passionate about work. It is for the same reason that the nurse is able to empathize with the patient. The nurse is close to the patient and attends to all demands being made, it quickens the recovery progress. The patient is not ashamed to communicate and share deep feelings. On the other hand the nurses are well able to experience the illnesses thus increase their understanding. In this way it becomes easier to attend to similar cases in future. Care education is also essential in nursing profession more so preparing nurses for care in their profession. As much as the theory of care differs greatly from the life experiences in the field; still the need to get the education is vital. Once the students have gotten the knowledge in school it will help change their attitude and more importantly give them a clue of what to expect in their work. This knowledge is essential for preparation and also in laying down a framework for the nurses such that they are aware from the onset what is entailed in their profession (Clifford, 1995). In addition the knowledge is important for the sake of contemporary practices in health care and gives insight to the future of nursing. For a long time nursing as a profession has been misunderstood and portrayed negatively. The inclusion of caring in nursing metaparadigm is important in the creation of a good public image for the nurses and the profession. Once the public has a good image upon a profession it helps boost recruitment and also change the nurses attitudes towards work (Takase, Maude and Manias, 2006). The nurses will also improve on their self-image which largely contributes to performance in the job. Conclusion There is still much debate on whether or not the concept of caring should be included in the nursing metaparadigm. In the nursing profession this concept continues to be controversial. The reason for this controversy is the fact that nurses continue to give care despite the concept being ignored. This may appear simply as an ignored concept but in reality it has been and remains part and parcel of the nursing profession. In fact there are those who have equated nursing as a whole to caring. In this case caring seems to have been a metaparadigm of nursing alongside health, person, and environment. In the modern health care, nurses have delegated the role of care to subordinate staff while maintaining the role of supervisors. As much as the nurse is still in control, there is lack of attachment with the patient. The public opinion of nursing is far from impressive as most of the people are ill informed about the profession. The majority tend to think nursing to be synonymous to caring. The nurse is perceived as a subordinate to the physician, receives instructions from the doctors, earns less salary etc. All these are stereotypes most of which emerge from the tradition role of the nurse as a care giver. This caring is understood casually with little understanding of the profession. It is for the same reason that people feel they know quite well the role of the nurses. For this matter they are ready to judge on the delivery of services. It is important for the nurse to be respected, seen to be compassionate, concerned and competent. The importance of caring is not only confined to the nurses but the family and the patient as well. Most importantly however, is the fact that caring will help increase the rate of healing and health thus lighten the work of the nurses. It is significant to all involved in the entire process of healing as it reduces anxiety and fear for both the family and patients. In this way it helps to empower the patient, give comfort, hope, security and self-esteem. Eventually, nurses are able to enjoy their work. This is as a result of the nurse being perceived differently by the patient thus boosting morale. Caring should therefore be incorporated in the nursing metaparadigm since it will be a major boost to the profession. The nurses will feel good about their profession as they are trained, gained experience and able to develop a relationship with patients.

Cohens Acting Power :: Essays Papers

Cohens Acting Power The main point of Cohen’s Acting Power is balance. In the book, he brings up concepts, sites examples, sometimes brings exercises to help his point, and restates the point. I personally did not like this book, but I did not hate it. At times, it was confusing, very vague, and hard to understand, but at the same time, this indicates the difficulty of the concepts Cohen is conveying. Many of the ideas and concepts in this book are hard to explain by word, much less typed word, so I gave this book more patience than I normally would with a regular textbook. One aspect that I did really like, was how Cohen brought everything back into focus in the last chapter on Alignment. Alignment is how an actor chooses to handle the four attributes to a performance; situation, character, style and performance. Proper alignment of how an actor handles the situation, the behavior and style of the character, and performing in front of an audience usually brings a good performance. It isn’t enough to get three out of four, because each attribute is important. Throughout the book, I found things that I had trouble grasping, and many times, they didn’t seem like they’re related to each other, but at the end of the book, the chapter on alignment, it all made much more sense to me. The book is structured like how alignment should be constructed. In the first two chapters it went through stuff about situations, then character, then style and performance. At the end, the book tied how everything relates. I think that the most important thing I got from this book, is the relacom concepts. I found if I translate almost every line of a scene, the intentions reveal themselves, and the delivery of line, is much more convincing. Another concept that I have always wanted to express, but couldn’t find the words, is the idea of ethno-centricity. I can’t remember which chapter it was in, but it explained that everyone thinks their own world is the center, and to properly build a character, sometimes you must lose this ethno-centiricity.

Mixture Lab Write Up

| Separation of a Salt, Sand, and Water Mixture| Jamie Schurz and Austin Hoggard| | Date experiment was performed: September 6 and September 7| | | Introduction Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to use various lab equipment and lab techniques to separate a mixture of salt, sand, and water. Background: An element is the simplest form of a substance that retains the properties of that substance. A compound is a substance formed by combining two or more elements set in fixed proportions. A mixture is a system of two or more distinct chemical substances. Unlike compounds, mixtures can be physically combined.Because the components are physically combined, they can also be separated using physical properties. Physical properties are properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter. In this lab, a mixture of salt and sand will be separated using the listed equipment and separation techniques. Hypothesis: If a mixture of sand (3. 3g), salt (1. 2g), and water is separated using filtration and boiling point, then most of the sand and salt will be recovered. Safety Information: During the experiment, appropriate safety wear should be worn at all times such as: goggles and an apron (to prevent salt or hot water from entering the eye).Beaker tongs should be used to remove the heater beaker from the appropriate heating fixture and then it should be carefully transported onto the designated pressed fiber pad to cool. Materials and Methods * * Graduated cylinder * Small beaker (100 mL) * Large beaker (600 mL) * Hot plate * Small ring * Funnel * Filter paper * Glass stir rod with rubber policeman * Hot mitts * Beaker tongs * Pressed fiber pad * Weigh boat * Electronic balance * Scoops * Salt and sand sample * water Experimental Procedure 1. Put on appropriate safety wear. 2. Begin this experiment with 47 mL of water, 1. 2 g of salt, and 3. g of sand. * Use the 100 graduated cylinder to find the 47 mL of water, reading from the meniscus. * Put the weigh boat onto the electronic balance and zero it out, then slowly add the salt until you have 1. 2 grams of it. Do the same for the sand. * Also mass the larger of the two beakers 3. Combine the 1. 2g of salt and 47 mL of water into the 100 mL beaker and stir until the salt is dissolved 4. Add the sand and wait until it settles onto the bottom of the beaker. 5. Mass the filter paper and then fold it into a small cone. Wet sides before placing into funnel that is inside a ring stand.Place larger beaker underneath funnel. 6. Slowly pour sand and salt mixture through filter paper. Let the sand dry. 7. Take large beaker with salt and water and place on top of a hot plate. Set hot plate onto its highest setting and let boil. 8. Once salt starts popping lower temperature on hot plate. When most of the water has evaporated remove from hot plate using beaker tongs and let rest on pressed fiber pad. 9. Turn hot plate off. 10. Mass out recovered sand and salt. Results Raw Data: object| Mass (g)| start ing mass of salt| 1. 2g| Starting mass of sand| 3. 3g|Dry filter paper| 0. 7g| Larger of the 2 beakers| 103. 1g| Total mass of beaker/salt (after)| 105. 3g| Mass of recovered salt| 2. 2g| Total mass of filter paper/sand (after)| 4. 1g| Mass of recovered sand| 3. 4g| Important results: * The mass of recovered salt was 2. 2g * The mass of recovered sand was 3. 4g * The percent error for the mass of recovered salt was 83% error * The percent error for the mass of the recovered sand was 3% * The percent yield for the mass of the recovered salt was 183% * The percent yield for the mass of the recovered sand was 103% Calculations:Discussion Expected results v. Actual results: In the experiment, the mass of the salt recovered was larger than the mass of the amount of salt that was started out with. This may be due to the tap water that was used not being pure or that some sand was small enough to not be filtered out. Analyze experimental error: During the experiment, instead of measuring t he water out to exactly 47mL, around 60 mL of water was used. This could have caused there to be extra water during the final measurement.There was not enough time to boil off the extra water; this was done by another person later without either partner in the group supervising. Also, when looking for the sand sample the next day, it was missing; so another group’s sand data was massed instead Improvements: Having a longer time to conduct the experiment might have changed the data. Instead of leaving the sand sample in the open on a table to all classes, it may have been better for them to be separated more. Results in terms of the purpose: The goal was to get most of the salt and sand back through filtration and evaporation.Most of the sand was recovered; however there was a great deal of added mass to the salt (around 1g). The goal was met as far as data is concerned. Conclusion: The goal of the experiment was to see if using boing point and filtration could recover close t o the same amount of salt and sand put together in a mixture. The experiment revealed a percent yield of 183% for salt and 103% for sand, which does support the hypothesis that using those two techniques, about the same amount of salt and sand would be recovered.

Pre-Writing/Invention Strategies Essay

Applying the pre-reading strategies upon reading the article â€Å"A Rescue at U. N. Headquarters, as Others Wait and Hope† by the New York Times, can make the central message clearer to the reader. The title and the heading provide an insight to the content of the essay; which is primarily the first visit of United Nations secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, on Haiti after the devastating earthquake hit the country. Skimming on the essay conveyed the inevitable scarcity of food in the place, plus the rescuers’ nationalism ideals on their effort rescues. Skimming the essay provided insights that opened issues on importance of food and medical assistance to the victims of the earthquake. This makes a wider topic on the issues that must be tackled with regards to the mishap. After reading the essay and gaining queries and facts on the writing task, one must now apply the different pre-writing strategies to make the desired composition. Pre-writing strategies vary and may be referred to as free-writing, brainstorming, clustering, tagmemics, and journalistic technique (Pre-Writing Strategies, 2005). I used the brainstorming technique to particularly list all the elements and ideas that might be useful in making an essay about my insights, but the unorganized bulleted form might not be very helpful in making a cohesive essay. On the other hand, in the clustering strategy, the central topic could be the scarcity of food and medical assistance to the victims, and other sub-topics are written in smaller circles connected to the central point. This is effective as it provides a clearer and more organized flow of ideas for the desired essay. Conclusively though, it is advantageous to apply the journalistic technique to further broaden the essay. In this strategy, the six important questions; who, what, when, where, why, and how are discussed. By answering these questions, the author is ensured that the most important information about an event, issue, or problem is addressed to the readers. References English 090: Basic Reading and Writing. (2005) Pre-Writing Strategies. Retrieved July 12, 2010 from http://faculty. ncwc. edu/lakirby/English%20090/prewriting strategies. htm

Fraily - A Movie Analysis essays

Fraily - A Movie Analysis essays I really enjoyed the movie Frailty and it's nod to Hitchcock's work. I think that Frailty to Hitchcock because of the serene and peaceful setting that is the background for something menacing and evil. Looking at the opening scenes of Adam's flashbacks, you would never have guessed that something as twisted as the 'God's Hand' killer murders took place there. The rose garden's pristine beauty innocence in the beginning is the perfect contrast to the modern day garden; which in my mind looks like a cemetery with the references to the stone statues and fog. My favorite scenes are of the car ride to the rose garden. The use of lighting is excellent because it seriously adds to the dramatic tension of the scene. The grail marks across Alex's face allude to the fact that he is hiding more that what he leads on. The heavy lines created by light coming through the driver's side window give the cop a sinister look. This is especially highlighted when Alex and he have the conversation about his mother being murdered. This was a well timed non-verbal foreshadowing element. The effects of sound and water also add dramatic tension to this scene. Being in the car in the rain gives the both of them isolation from the rest of the world. The rain, sounds of the rain, and the lights are an illusion to the outside world and chaos. While in the car, it is somewhat quite... no one else can hear what these two are saying. What stands out most in my mind about this movie is some of the editing.... very creative and innovative. There is this transition when water is whipped across the window during the car ride and it slowly dissolves into a close-up of TV pixels while Alex and Fenton are watching. In analyzing this, this transition is almost symbolic of the cop's uncertainty of what is about to happen or what Alex is trying to reveal. The pixilated close-up reveals an animated kids show on the Bible. During this time in the flashba...

Interesting Personal Statement Essays - Computer, Head Web Designer

Interesting Personal Statement Essays - Computer, Head Web Designer Interesting Personal Statement National Merit Scholarship "Would you please get the mail," my mother implored as I entered the door. Heading towards the mailbox, I wondered if I would find daily assortment of bills and catalogues or something interesting addressed to me. To my delight, the first item was the new issue of PC Computing. Ever since I was introduced to computers when I was five, I have been fascinated by them. The summer before my sophomore year of high school, I wrote a program called Quickchange 95 using Visual Basic. This program changed the startup and shutdown screens of Windows 95. I distributed the program via shareware archives on the Internet, and I received email from all over the world about my creation. I shuffled through one of my mother?s clothing catalogues to find my issue of Money Magazine. I have been interested in business and finance since the day which we started studying the stock market in fifth grade. The summer before my junior year, I combined my interests in business and computers by starting a web design company with a friend. We created a web site for a local bike shop which is only one of two bike shops in Connecticut to have a presence on the Internet. Currently, I am the head web designer for my school. I intend to combine computers and business in my future career. My goal is to work on the business side of a computer firm, and eventually, I would like to start my own computer company. A board of education letter of commendation for my participation in the FIRST robotics program also arrived today. I have been able to develop my entrepreneurial skills through the FIRST robotics program. FIRST is a national engineering competition in which partnerships are formed between local businesses and high schools to design and build a robot-like machine. The team has about six weeks to build a machine, that must be able to compete in a timed sporting event. I have been involved in FIRST each year of my high school career. Last year, I was team captain, and our team finished fourth in the country out of one hundred and fifty-six teams. As a result of my involvement with FIRST, I have improved my confidence, my leadership, and my team working abilities. FIRST gave me experience working with a diverse group of people with a variety of skills. Working alongside engineers from our sponsor company, International Fuel Cells, exposed me to the professional world beyond the classroom . I have a great appreciation for this program which has challenged me to bring out the best in myself and others. My last piece of mail was Tennis Magazine. I began playing tennis at the age of eight. During my freshman year, I played on the junior varsity tennis team, and I received the Manchester Racquet Club deserving player award which is a scholarship for a year of indoor lessons. The next two seasons, I played on the varsity tennis team. Last year, I was named to the Hartford Courant All Academic Team. Tennis has provided a welcome diversion from my technical pursuits. "What took you so long?" my mother asked as I entered the house. "Oh nothing, I really have to start my homework," as I tucked my magazines under my arms and ran up the stairs.

Italian Preterite Perfect Tense - Trapassato Remoto

Italian Preterite Perfect Tense - Trapassato Remoto You’ve learned about the passato remoto tense, which is the one you use in literature or to talk about events that happened in history. But you have also learned the trapassato remoto tense? As you’ll see below, it’s a tense for students who are more advanced in their studies. It’s used primarily in literary contexts and is known in English as the preterite perfect. It’s a compound tense formed with the passato remoto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. For example, a sentence like the one below, in a literary context, would require the trapassato remoto. As soon as Julia had gone down the stairs, she left the building. - Dopo che Giulia ebbe sceso le scale, uscà ¬ dal palazzo. â€Å"Ebbe sceso† comes from the conjugated verb â€Å"essere - to be† and â€Å"sceso† is the past participle of the verb â€Å"scendere - to go down.† The action indicated by the verb scendere (to descend- conjugated in the past perfect) occurs prior to the action indicated by the verb uscire (to exit, to leave- conjugated in the passato remoto). The past perfect is a verb form that is used to refer to events, experiences, or facts that happened or were already completed before a point of reference in the past. In each sentence set in the trapassato remoto, you will encounter an expression of time, such as the following: appena (barely), dopo che (as soon as), or finchà © non (up until). For example: Partirono, quando ebbero ricevuto la notizia. - They were leaving when they received the notice.Renata entrà ², appena Giorgio fu uscito. - Renata entered just after Giorgio had left.Andà ² a casa, quando ebbe finito di lavorare. - He went home when he had finished working.Dopo che ebbe letto quel libro, lei ne comprà ² uno nuovo. - After she had read that book, she bought a new one.Non appena ebbi iniziato a guidare, ebbi bisogno di usare il bagno. - As soon as I started driving, I had to use the bathroom. Most verbs of the second conjugation are irregular in the passato remoto tense. To see how avere and essere are conjugated in the remote past tense, see the table below. TRAPASSATO REMOTO OF THE VERB AVERE Person Singular Plural I (io) ebbi (noi) avemmo II (tu) avesti (voi) aveste III (lui, lei, Lei) ebbe (loro, Loro) ebbero TRAPASSATO REMOTO OF THE VERB ESSERE Person Singular Plural I (io) fui (noi) fummo II (tu) fosti (voi) foste III (lui, lei, Lei) fu (loro, Loro) furono Note that if the verb requires â€Å"essere,† then you must change the ending of the past participle to agree with the subject in gender and number. For example: Dopo che le ragazze furono salite sull’autobus, si sedettero. - After the girls got on the bus, they sat down. The past participle â€Å"salire† ends in an -e because the subject is a group of girls. Click here to read more about gender and number agreement.

Capstone Experience (External Environmental Scan) Project step2 2 Assignment

Capstone Experience (External Environmental Scan) Project step2 2 - Assignment Example With the high accessibility of advanced generation offices, new participants could easily begin assembling and promoting computerized items. With the ascent of technology, option choices for gadgets and comparative items are truly accessible. Computerized camera and different items are no exemptions. At present, phones are made with Polaroid gimmicks, permitting purchasers to utilize the telephone for calling or sending quick messages, as well as in catching and putting away pictures. Other feature camcorders have Polaroid offers too; in this manner, a few customers would like to yet a thing where all peculiarities are now incorporated (Armstrong,2006). Web camera are additionally elective items for advanced camera. Furthermore, some of these option items are less lavish and more useful as contrasted with purchasing an advanced Polaroid alone. Purchasers are the individuals who make a request in an industry. Purchasers are additionally the individuals who contend with the supplying business by bartering down costs and powers higher quality. Clients have admittance to numerous plan B for AV gear and items, along these lines, the clients have more prominent control over which thing to buy. The high intensity inside the business permitted buyers to have entry to various alternatives, from brands to sorts and costs of items. Suppliers are the organizations that supply materials & different items into the business. The expense of things purchased from suppliers (e.g. crude materials, segments) can have a huge effect on the organizations benefit. In the event that suppliers have high haggling control over the organization, then in principle the organizations business is less alluring. For this electronic industry, suppliers push control in the business by debilitating to climb in costs or diminishing its quality and besides compelling suppliers can crush industry benefit if the organization is not able to recoup the expense expands. The

MICROBIOLOGY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MICROBIOLOGY - Coursework Example Catalase test is used to identify organisms that are capable of producing catalase enzyme. The enzyme converts toxic H2O2 into water and oxygen and thereby prevent the formation of highly dangerous hydroxyl radicals. 2H2O2 Catalase 2H2O + O2 To test catalase activity, the culture must be of 18- 24 hour as old culture lose catalase activity and may display false negative test. The emerging bubbles in catalase positive test is due to the formation of oxygen gas. Aerobic bacteria in general display catalase positive test while most of the anaerobes are deficient in catalase enzyme indicating the sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria towards oxygen. E.g. Catalase positive organisms are Micrococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Catalase negative organisms are Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. Bacto Agar or plain agar is used for the study as it contains calcium and magnesium. On the contrary, blood agar are unsuitable to carryout catalase test as blood contains catalase (Web: Catalase t est, n.d.; Pelczar, 1993). 2. Explain the principle of Oxidase test. Oxidase test is a test for the presence of cytochrome oxidase (playing vital role in electron transport chain or ETC) which catalyses oxidation of reduced cytochrome by oxygen. Cytochrome oxidase transports electrons from the ETC to oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor. The principle is utilized to test the organisms for the production of cytochrome oxidase. To test this ability of microorganisms, artificial electron donors and acceptors are provided. As soon as the electron donor (1.0-1.5 percent solution of tetramethyl p-phenylene diamine hydrochloride) is poured over the colonies, it is oxidized by cytochrome oxidase. Oxidase positive colonies become maroon, purple and black in 10-30 minutes (Pelczar MJ. 1993). E.g. Members of Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase positive (Pelczar, 1993). 3. Explain how Oxoid Chromogenic UTI media (Clear) works. Oxoid Chromogenic UTI media is a nonselective medi um to isolate, differentiate and enumerate the pathogens prevalent in urinary tract and are responsible for urinary tract infection. The medium facilitates the differentiation and identification of E. coli and Enterococcus without undergoing confirmatory tests (Web. Dehydrated Culture Media, n.d.). The principle utilized is based on the difference in susceptibility prototypes of the microorganisms. For the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, the organism must be identified to the species level. However, the prevalent species Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia spp. produce enzymes for the metabolism of glucosidase or lactose or both and aids identification. On the contrary other microorganisms may not produce enzyme for such substrate fermentation (Web. Dehydrated Culture Media, n.d.). The chromogen mixture present in the Oxoid Chromogenic UTI media (Clear) comprises artificial substrates or chromogens which are responsible for releasing different colored compounds when specific microb ial enzymes released by Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia spp act on substrate molecules, thereby a differentiation process works for the detection of certain species or a group of microorganism (Isenberg and Garcia, 2004). For instance the chromogen X-glucoside is a substrate for ?-glucosidase enzyme of enterococci which form blue colonies while chromogen red-galactoside is utilized by enzyme ?-galactoside generated

Exploring the Brain Responses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Exploring the Brain Responses - Assignment Example The experimental study has the hypothesis of the inducement of either the rTMS or the stimulants triggering the dopamine production. In the two experiments, the brain is induced with rTMS for patients with depression and stimulants for the c-Fos experiment, which uses rats. Procedure outline of rTMS Eight Patients with depression was treated with rTMS, over the left prefrontal cortex on a daily basis. Each of them underwent neuropsychological test scores and PET scan before and after the rTMS treatment (Goldman et al. 1978). Procedure outline of c-Fos experiment Six rats was injected with cocaine and six with amphetamine. The rats were then killed, and the brain extracted. The brain was then preserved and treated with antibodies that recognize the c-Fos-positive cells. A special dye was then added to reveal the location of the c-Fos cells. The cells are counted easily since they are brown due to the dye. Q1a. The independent variable (IV), the conditions and the two dependent variabl es (DV) for this study First, the TMS experiment will be considered. The independent variable (IV) is the raclopride binding. This does not rely on the other variable, but it is rather depended on by the other variable. The conditions of the experiment rTMS are repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. There are four dependent variables that depend on the set conditions, which are R caudate, Laudate, R putamen, and L putamen. These will vary depending on the rTMS induced on the patient. In the second experiment (c-Fos), the Independent variable is c-positive cells, which are not necessarily dependant on the other variable set. The conditions are cocaine and the amphetamine. The independent variables are the nucleus accumbens from the sections of the rat’s brain (Goldman et al. 1978). Q1b. The study within a participant study explanation The study of rTMS involves the participation of several patients who are observed before and after the rTMS induction. A PET scanning is then done to establish the number of functional dopamine receptors using radioactive raclopride. The study is thus within a participant study where the data obtained is from the patient pairs under experiment. The participants involved are patients who are 8 rather than being a single patient. Since 2 pairs of participants had the same pre-rTMS test scores represented by a single point for each pair, the study is within a participant study. The c-Fos experiment study is also within a participant study. This is because the study experiment involved the participation of every group member. This means that obtaining the data of all the group members was essential. Q1c. The vital piece of statistical information missing from the study results obtained The essential piece of statistical information missing from the results presented here is a hypothesis. This is a vital tool in analyzing the data presented to either agree with the data or disagree. This tool would be critical in making c onclusions, like establishing the level of deviation from the expected results set on the hypothesis. This piece of information set as a hypothesis would act as the researchers’ guideline when they are setting the procedures. This tool is also helpful to a researcher in the field since it will define his research scope.

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Hinduism - Essay Example This process will continue until a person gets salvation. The activities of a person in his present life and in his previous birth are labelled as Karma. A person’s life after death is decided based on his activities (karma) in the present and past life. It is not necessary that a person take rebirth in the form of human itself. Based on karma, his rebirth could be as an animal, insect or bird. Avatar in Hindu mythology represents descent of God in human or animal forms. Hindus believe in multi God theory (Trimurti). In other words, they believe in three Gods, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiv. Brahma is responsible for creation, Vishnu is responsible for maintaining creation and Shiv is responsible for destruction. Hindus believe that these Gods take different avatar time to time to execute certain jobs. For example, Vishnu is the Krishna Avatar. The major function of avatars is to work as a mediator in between God and humans. It is not necessary that avatars should be God always. In fact the duty of avatars is to pass the message from the God to the humans. Hinduism is a religion which always believes in peace and harmony. They always respect other religions and that is why India is still a secular country even though majority of Indians are Hindus. Hindus believe in the doctrine of ahimsa or nonviolence. Even the killing of animals for food is considered as a sin by Hindu religion. Majority of the Hindus are vegetarians. Even though some of the doctrines of Hindu religion seem to be superstitious, the core of Hinduism is to spread love all over the world. Kali is the ferocious form of mother goddess. â€Å"Mother Kali is the consort of Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva is the silent aspect of the Transcendental Reality, and Mother Kali is the dynamic aspect of the Transcendental Reality. Truth is complete when it is both dynamic and silent† (The Relationship Between Mother Kali and Lord Shiva, N.d.) â€Å"Puja is the ceremonial act of showing reverence to a God or

An Analysis of the Animal Rights Debate from an Ethics Perspective Essay

An Analysis of the Animal Rights Debate from an Ethics Perspective - Essay Example Roger Scruton’s â€Å"The Moral Status of Animals† follows a similar line of argument that defends all life forms on the face of the earth and reveals his intense convictions in ideological and environmental thought. Singer’s comprehensive analysis brings to light many aspects of what Richard D. Ryder has termed ‘speciesism’. Drawing comparisons to the liberations movements of the sixties and the debate around the concept of equality among human beings, Singer emphasizes on the need to take animals too into consideration in such debates. He attacks the norm that animals can be excluded from the debate on equal rights because they lack the moral, rational powers than humans possess. Singer points out that there exists an essential difference among human beings based on race, gender and demographical specifics, but the equal rights theorists overcome this by stressing on the basic human qualities. The equal rights theories also highlight the individual differences among human beings on which the concept of personal rights is based. Singer uses a systematic analytical strategy to break down these arguments one by one. Singer alludes to the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft’s monumental treatise, Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 and how â€Å"they were satirized in an anonymous publication entitled A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes†, actually written by Thomas Taylor, a Cambridge philosopher. Taylor refuted Wollstonecraft’s by trivializing her demands for the equal treatment of women on moral, philosophical and social realms by proposing that in fact one should go another step further and treat dogs, cats and horses in the similar manner. This argument was an absurd one at that time, and Taylor’s attempt was to prove that Wollstonecraft’s arguments regarding the rights of women were also absurd, as it questioned a specific order in nature. Singer’s overview of Taylor’s argument

Haiti Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Haiti Research - Assignment Example Later on, the Haitians had an election and Duvalier rose to power as their president but unluckily, he turned out to be a great dictator an a ruthless leader (Cerda et al. 4). His reign was characterized by massive killings, embezzlement of funds, and corruption in every sector of the government. Due to this kind of leadership, the citizen suffered a lot as they became poorer with time. Development projects could not start, nor continue, since the government of Haiti could not afford the finances required. Unfortunately, in the year 2010, a high magnitude earthquake struck the country and led to massive destruction of property, death of many people and left a great number of Haitians homeless (Cerda et al. 7). This research paper shows the relationship between what happened during the early days in Haiti, and the aftermath of the great earthquake, connecting it to the current situation of this country. Haiti and France had a settlement deal in 1928, which demanded Haiti to repay a large amount of money to the French Government (Cerda et al. 11). Haiti was a very poor country by then and could not afford the money as demanded. The France however demanded that it had to be repaid this money it in order for it to identify the country’s independence, which it had attained in the year 1804 (Cruise 2). Additionally, the French government required Haiti to compensate it since it had lost a very important slavery colony, and most of their soldiers had died in the wars. Haiti government found trouble repaying this large amount of money (which amounted to 150 million francs) as it had no finances left (Cerda et al. 6). Fortunately, the France Government reduced the amount to 60 million francs, which had to be repaid in a period of thirty years. Boyer, who was the president of Haiti by then, made a very large first payment to France in order for them to recognize Haiti’s indepe ndence (Cruise 5). The payment led to economic problems in Haiti during

An Analysis of the Animal Rights Debate from an Ethics Perspective Essay

An Analysis of the Animal Rights Debate from an Ethics Perspective - Essay Example Roger Scruton’s â€Å"The Moral Status of Animals† follows a similar line of argument that defends all life forms on the face of the earth and reveals his intense convictions in ideological and environmental thought. Singer’s comprehensive analysis brings to light many aspects of what Richard D. Ryder has termed ‘speciesism’. Drawing comparisons to the liberations movements of the sixties and the debate around the concept of equality among human beings, Singer emphasizes on the need to take animals too into consideration in such debates. He attacks the norm that animals can be excluded from the debate on equal rights because they lack the moral, rational powers than humans possess. Singer points out that there exists an essential difference among human beings based on race, gender and demographical specifics, but the equal rights theorists overcome this by stressing on the basic human qualities. The equal rights theories also highlight the individual differences among human beings on which the concept of personal rights is based. Singer uses a systematic analytical strategy to break down these arguments one by one. Singer alludes to the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft’s monumental treatise, Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 and how â€Å"they were satirized in an anonymous publication entitled A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes†, actually written by Thomas Taylor, a Cambridge philosopher. Taylor refuted Wollstonecraft’s by trivializing her demands for the equal treatment of women on moral, philosophical and social realms by proposing that in fact one should go another step further and treat dogs, cats and horses in the similar manner. This argument was an absurd one at that time, and Taylor’s attempt was to prove that Wollstonecraft’s arguments regarding the rights of women were also absurd, as it questioned a specific order in nature. Singer’s overview of Taylor’s argument

The Oregon Trail Essay Example for Free

The Oregon Trail Essay The West as an Ideal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 19th century, people migrated from Missouri to Oregon or to the Pacific Northwest of what is now known as the United States of America. Originally, the route covering Missouri all the way to Oregon was determined in order to provide a more convenient route for the fur trade, especially for establishing an overland supply route post right at the edge of the Columbia River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Oregon Trail, stretching at about 2,170 miles, essentially commenced through a rough system of rutted traces spanning the breadth of land from the Mississippi River that was utilized by roughly 400,000 individuals. In more recent times, the Oregon Trail has been known as symbolic of the differences which separate American Indians from the whites who settled in the land. Back in 1840, only three states were recognized to exist at the western side of the Mississippi River inasmuch as Canadas boundary with Maine remained undefined during those days.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Nations boundary in the west was approximately situated in the Continental Divide, and within a decade Great Britain and the United States have created a boundary that spanned from the Pacific up to the Atlantic. After four decades, masses and masses of emigrants entirely diminished the concept of frontier which radically altered the lifestyle of the American Indians. It also threatened and ravaged numerous species of wild animals along the way, not to mention the buffalo herds. While barbed wires as well a plows dominated the prairies, long stretches of distances were eventually cut shorter by the transcontinental railroads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During 1837 and 1841, both businessmen and farmers have grown frustration over the economic depressions which affected and sunk their livelihood. As the fur trade became increasingly troubled after the trade collapsed back in 1839, thoughts of the British dominating the Northwest Territory heightened. During those times, the American Indians in Oregon were seen by eastern churches as potential candidates for the thoughts of European civilization. Heading for Oregon as missionaries in 1836, Henry and Eliza Spalding as well as Marcus Whitman and his new wife gave an increasing publicity for Oregon in terms of its advantages and promising opportunities through the letters which they wrote and sent home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eventually, more and more people became increasingly interested in Oregon for a wide variety of reasons. In 1841, the very first group of people began to leave the Missouri River banks and proceeded west with the serious intention of emigrating. Almost two years after, almost a thousand emigrants completed the travel which signaled the many others who followed in the years to come. Hardships Faced   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like any other long distance journey, those who traversed the Oregon Trail would have to face challenges and hardships along the course of their path. Every part of the trail uniquely had its difficulties to be dealt with by the travelers. For the most part, the emigrants would have to face the challenge of loading and unloading their livestock so as to maintain the durability of their wagons. This they would have to do countless times until the trail is over. More importantly, the emigrants would have to spend some time fetching water and food for the animals they brought along with them. Otherwise, the animals would starve and probably die long before they reach the destination which will also affect the food supply determined by livestock and other animals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the emigrants would also have to adjust in terms of the way they deal with their fellow emigrants in order to maintain harmony throughout the journey and prevent disorder. They would have to determine and set rules that they have to abide along the journey as well as to arrange and break camp each morning and evening. They would have to take turns in terms of positioning in several columns so that lesser dust is raised and a minimal number of the travelers will choke from the air created.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing that the most difficult part of the journey would be near the journeys end where crossing mountains prior to winter snows was a necessary imperative. Hence, the emigrants would have to set the journey and their pace in such a way that the time they travel will be during the time when grass was present almost everywhere along the trail so that the animals they brought would have sufficient food to feed on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Health hazards to the emigrants were a large hindrance during the journey. Cholera was one of the feared ailments that the emigrants would have to face, caused perhaps by the contaminated water they might have used. Since the 19th century was the time when medical advancements were yet to be discovered, cholera remained one of the most dangerous health hazards the emigrants feared. Small pox also claimed a number of the lives of those who journeyed the Oregon Trail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In financial terms, the emigrants would have to be financially ready to shoulder the tolls situated at ferries as well as bridges, including the prices for food and other supplies bought along the trading posts or from other travelling emigrants. The payments required for repairing the wagons and other vital tools also shared a considerable fraction of the emigrants finances during the travel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the prices for the food and water relatively vary than in contrast to ordinary circumstances. Since the supply for water is scarce and the demand considerably high during the journey, emigrants would have no choice but to purchase water at costs they are able to pay for, whether low or high, just to survive the travel. Perhaps the only times when the emigrants are able to purchase water at lower prices are whenever they reach a small town and whenever they found a source of potable water along the way. Reasons for Leaving   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thousands have already traveled across the trail and settled in Oregon by 1846. But why were these individuals willing to leave their homes and land, travel across thousands of miles with barely minimal food to eat and water to drink to a place where they have not been to yet? The answer to this question can be answered in three simple terms: these people were drawn towards the west because of the cheaper value of land where they can purchase and own more, the sense of patriotism, or perhaps the attractive promise of a more fulfilling life in Oregon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because Oregon was a region where very few people lived, the value of land was comparatively cheaper than in places were civilization is on the rise. People would take the journey just acquire more areas of land and start life anew. It was one of the risks they were willing to take all for the name of acquiring a better life and securing as well as sustaining the wealth of their families. As the civilization in Oregon sprawled and as transcontinental railroads were established, travelling became easier as the time covered for traveling was dramatically reduced. Access to Oregon became easier and the value of land eventually increased. The need to travel to Oregon because of cheaper land eventually diminished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The relatively lower price of land back in the days essentially corresponded to a better life for the emigrants. Since Oregon was a newly formed state, acquiring land in the area was almost equivalent to acquiring a better life as compared to their former settlements. Given a larger land area to manipulate, emigrants who settled in Oregon and who were able to acquire land were given the opportunity to raise a higher number of livestock and other animals and cultivate a larger piece of land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The promise of a more fulfilling life in Oregon manifested itself in terms of the higher chance to raise animals and cultivate the land with plants which resulted to an increase in ownership and income. Trade and commerce in Oregon reached heights and settlers found themselves amidst an area fertile for purposes of trade and commerce. Eventually, news of this spread and people became more and more interested in leaving their homes and transferring to Oregon. What Awaited the Emigrants?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although there was no assurance of whatever it is that awaited the emigrants at the end of the journey, it became increasingly known that flocks of individuals were heading towards the west. This fever created a deeper sense of awe and increased the longing of individuals to obtain a better life even at a distant land more than 2,000 miles away. As the number of emigrants grew larger, people began to think of things becoming better that awaited them at the end of the trail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In effect, Oregon grew in many different ways. The population count boomed in less than a couple of decades more than the normal annual rate. As settlers continuously increased and poured into Oregon, the small towns in the new state were nearing the verge of transforming into cities. Log cabins were slowly replaced by frame houses as the land became more and more civilized in the years that went by. The great migration, in the end, only heightened the urge of the people to travel far and wide towards Oregon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Oregon grew at a rapid pace, news easily spread across neighboring areas giving the new state an increasing sense of popularity and presence in the minds of individuals. In the coming years, what awaited the emigrants has become less and less of what they expected. For the most part of the years to follow, new emigrants who settled in Oregon found themselves in the midst of a growing population where finding a place to settle in the heart of civilization in the new state was becoming scarce almost every year. The prospect of finding a place to stay at the center of commerce was diminishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, it has been rare for settlers in the new state to return to their original homes once they were able to find a suitable place to stay in Oregon. With a few exceptions such as the case of Ezra Meeker, the settlers have very little reason to retrace the Oregon Trail and return home. The harsh conditions they may have encountered along the journey and the things they have fulfilled in Oregon might have discouraged them to gamble on traveling back to where they originated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In essence, the Oregon Trail used to be one of the most treacherous yet mostly taken the path by people gathering near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The prospect of a better life mostly fueled this desire to leave home and travel thousands of miles amidst hardships and hazards to their health and property. The reasons for leaving mostly centered on the promise of acquiring cheaper land where they can begin their lives anew and attain prosperity. References Fanselow, J. (2001). Traveling the Oregon Trail (Second ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon. Faragher, J. M. (2001). The Oregon Trail: A review. The Journal of American History, 88(2), 15. Parkman, F. (2002). The Oregon Trail (Dover Value ed.). Toronto, Canada: Dover Publications. Roberts, J. M. (1954). A Review On the Oregon Trail: Robert Stuarts Journey of Discovery by Kenneth A. Spaulding. American Anthropologist: New Series, 56(6), 2. Willingham, W. F. (1994). Review: Interpreting the Oregon Trail: Three New Perspectives. The Public Historian, 16(1), 3.

Projectification of the organisational world

Projectification of the organisational world It is fascinating to observe from the management and business sciences, how organisations are changing their structural behaviours: Nowadays, it is hard to imagine an organisation that is not engaged in some kind of project activity. Over the past decade, organisations have been turning from operations to project management as part of their competitive advantage strategy. Organisations are now redefining their business structures by adopting project management practices, thus Maylor et al. (2006, p.663) point out that projectification is the process that comprehends organizational changes through a process where work is managed by projects. We should therefore look at projects as projectification means to get to the implementation of strategy although it might be a realistic statement, it still has a more in dept reasoning behind it and we hope this document will enlighten this further. Projects as the fundamental of projectification are defined as temporary organizations created to deliver one or more business products translated in to project objectives according to their business case requiring specific competencies or skills for a pre-determined period of time according to The Office of Governament Commerce (OGC, 2009, p.31). However, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.664) have a different designation of projects, as managerial tools and structures for innovation and change. Other interconnected concepts related to projects will be further explained looking at the projectification of the organisational world. Maylor et. al. (2006, p.663) support that there are two completely opposite ideas between the managerialist concept of a project as a way to control and the idea that projects are flexible and less bureaucratic structures and as many commentators according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) cite, they position projects as more appropriate for implementing deliberate strategies. Despite the above, Maylor et. al.(2006, p.664) citing Davies, Brady and Hobday point out that organisations are finding that traditional organizational structures (i.e. with departments, business units and divisions) are no longer appropriate. However, Haniff and Fernie (2008) defend that projectification is not always seen as the most favourable process and it can become problematic if different organisations working together do not have the same projectification approach. Thus, projectification is not seen as a firm solution, i.e. in the perspective of delivering deliberate strategies. That might be the case in the construction sector where Haniff and Fernie (2008, p.9) state that it is naive to assume that any pre-determined project plan can be simplistically implemented. According to above pessimistic view, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.667) agree that we might face barriers to projects being carried out, this might in turn show that is an unwanted consequence of the projectification process but one to account for as limitations in the implementation of the organizational strategy may emerge. Despite these limitations, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.664) citing Packendorff and Hodgson support that there is an evidence of increasing belief of projectification through projects. This is stated by Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.5), they believe that corporate strategy is now a means of thinking through and articulating how an organizations corporate goals and objectives will be achieved. This lead us towards how Bracker cited in Shirley (1982, p. 263) characterises business strategy: as an environmental or situational analysis to determine a firms posture in its field and if the firms resources are utilized in an appropriate manner to attain its major goals. Some consider that business strategy is folded in strategic initiatives such as Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.5), explain that these initiatives are often clustered into portfolios of programmes and projects for implementation, whose support is given by organization roles in particular project workers and managers as Packendorff and Hodgson cited in Maylor et. al. (2006, p.664) emphasize. Again, Maylor et. al. (2006, p.666) agree these developing roles are a consequence of projectification as well as the search for authority by project managers. These are responsible for the planning, delegating, monitoring and control of all aspects of the project, and the motivation of those within the temporary organization to achieve the project objectives within the expected project performance measures, time, cost, quality, scope, benefits and risks according to OGC (2009, p.4). Gaddis (1969, p.96) makes a good point when distinguishing tactics from strategy doing the analogy to the advanced-tec hnology project manager and the research administrator, where the first is considered the tactician and the other the strategist. Therefore, project managers are not directly seen as a strategy deliver role as Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) citing Thomas, Delisle, Jugdev, and Buckle argue. In addition project managers are seen as strongly execution oriented role, as per project management responsibilities, and as such, they are not perceived as strategically important by senior managers.Although, Pellegrinelli and Bowman (1994, p.126) see that projects are grouped in programmes to actually achieve beneficial changes of strategic nature for an organisation. Unlike project management, Pellegrinelli, Partington and Young cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) see implementation of strategy through programme management, as well as McElroy cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) emphasizes the need for senior management involvement for successful strategy implementation. A more realistic view from Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) is that many commentators position projects as more appropriate for implementing deliberate (planned) strategies, while considering programmes for both deliberate and emergent (unplanned) strategies. Including the view of the Association for Project Management (APM) cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) for good governance practice is that now clearly requires alignment between business, portfolio, programme and project plans, and transparent reporting of issues throughout the strategic hierarchy as well as Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) defend that these should have a reciprocal relationship. Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) bring to this context that corporate strategy is not translated into project strategy by a simplistic process. It is further complex and it requires an extensive range of management competencies and a clear definition of roles and responsibilities. See Figure 1 below. Figure 1 Organisations Strategic Hierarchy Subsequently, Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.16) defend that the hierarchy of objectives and strategies, represented in Figure 1 by the interconnectivity between those 5 blocks, enable organizations to cascade strategy in a systematic way, such as the Archibalds model mentioned in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6) specifies, objectives and strategies are developed at the policy, strategic, operational and project levels and cascaded down, thereby ensuring alignment and continuity of strategy. Partington cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6), suggest three levels of strategy (See Figure 1) as corporate, business and operational being operational level focussed on programmes and projects. Yet, according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6), this hierarchy of objectives and strategies can generally be formed as a result of using a strategy planning process which in turn can be a highly effective mean of structuring and managing strategy, and communicating it to the organization and through out. Johnson and Scholes cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.5) highlight that, strategic management is often ambiguous, complex and dynamic, fundamental and organization-wide, and generally has long-term implications. Although, there may be pre-established strategy planning processes and practices, strategy may not be realized in a straightforward way as many planners assume according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6). Baker, Bard, Cooper and others cited in Srivannaboon and Milosevic (2006, p. 494) argue that aligning project management with the business strategy is not a clear process but Gomolski cited in Rathnam (2004, pp. 2-3) defend that with business ownership and accountability can lead the way to ensure alignment of business strategy. Most studies link business strategy with project management through project selection and see that as part of the alignment process. Others such as Thompson cited in Henderson and Venkatraman (1990, p.26), see alignment made not only of static elements but a combination of strategy dynamics and behaviors which are managed by external factors to the organization. Supporting this view, Mintzberg and Waters (1985, P. 271), argue that managing requires: ÂÂ ´a light deft touch to direct, in order to realize intentions while at the same time responding to an unfolding pattern of actions. Again, the interaction between projects or programmes and the organizations strategy may be both deliberate and emergent when attempting to implement the intended strategy, according to Grabher, cited in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.6). The UK Office of Government Commerce (OGC) in Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.8) considers the alignment between strategy and projects to be one of the main benefits of programme management. However, this seems out dated regarding recent guidance on governance. It is expected that increasing need to understand this alignment issue will be translated in to more literature and experience based contributions on this subject. The project management has become an important business process for organizations and Srivannaboon and Milosevic (2006, p.493) support that project management and the business strategy alignment help organizations to focus on the right projects, given the objectives of the business strategy. On the other hand, any misalignment may cause an organization to lose market opportunities and the organizations recovery process might be difficult. Therefore, to effective project management and to achieve the business strategic alignment it is required to have a deeper understanding of these complexities. Accordingly to Shirley (1982, p. 268) it is in the study of such complexities in relation to internal strengths, weaknesses, and values of the organization that students and faculty are challenged and also confused with processes involved in strategy making. This is furthermore complex when various organisations are working together to deliver the projects objectives and therefore the business strategy. Accordingly to Haniff and Fernie (2008, p.9), each individual organisation has got their one project strategy that aligns with the organizational strategy. This results in individual team members influencing at some level the project strategy by creating an emergent project management strategy. Similarly, Jamieson and Morris cited in Srivannaboon and Milosevic (2006, p.495) suggest that most of the elements of the strategic planning process, such as internal analysis, organizational structures, and control systems, are strongly linked to project management processes and activities and thereby strongly influence intended business strategies. Accordingly to Mintzberg and Waters (1985, p.272) this strategic control mentioned above may be in managers which is further recognized by the patterns and actions of managers on their own actions with in the organization configuration. Despite project management processes, other issues co-exist such as the lack of a single coherent project strategy that can lead to loss of business understanding and directly influencing the link between business strategy and project implementation which may be extremely affected according to Morris and Jamieson (2005, p.11). In addition, Rathnam (2004, p.2) draws attention to research made by others that leads us to communication and understanding to be the strategy alignment problem. Morris and Jamieson (2005, pp.7-8) also point out that the business and operating requirements of a project frequently affect the project strategy significantly. Per instance, in the IT industry as Rathnam (2004, pp.4-5) shows, the lack of business strategy, lack of focus on business process, misalignment between business areas and organization structural barriers, lack of an enterprise-wide view, business against IT mentality, lack of awareness in need for strategy alignment, difficulty in communicat ing and understanding IT, resistance to escalate misalignment conflicts to executive management and rapid rate of technological change where considered the main gaps for strategy alignment. Cicmil et. al. (2006, p.679) argue that, If projects fail because of miscommunication and failure to meet expectations, what is it about project management that makes this happen so much in a project environment? Projects are very complex and characterized by issues related to uncertainty, control and mutual interaction among project intervenients according to Cicmil et. Al. (2006, p.676). In addition Cicmil et. al. (2006, p.683) claims that management actions to accelerate perturbed projects make the problem worse which is the case when the project is heavily time-constrained. Avots (1969) adds that the wrong man appointed as project manager, lack of support from the company management, inadequate task definitions, management techniques not appropriate or project termination not well planned are also the reasons for a project failure. Despite the fact that organisations may be using projects to secure business benefit, Midler cited in Maylor et. al. (2006, p.669) question whether this is actually being achieved by these management practices. The existing concepts for what constitutes a project may not be in agreement within the project management practitioners community. Also the temporary organisation (project team) and expectancy of the project outcomes may not be consistent with all intervenients. This is a result of organisational projectification and as such we shall reconsider the term project given this paper. It is evident that in a multi project level is where we can find a bigger gap in maintaining the strategic alignment through project management and projects. Therefore this presents an area of great interest for both practitioners and scholars. Different project management approaches and methodologies are now being used by organizations at all stages of the project life cycle with project strategy development, review and optimization occurring at specific points. A high percentage of organizations define the personal project management competencies required to develop project strategy. Several organizations stressed the leadership qualities that they expected of their executives in shaping and delivering strategy, at both the project level as well as the corporate level. It can be concluded, therefore, that although project strategy management is an underexplored and insufficiently described subject in the business and project literature, it is, in fact, a relatively well-trodden area, deserving of more recognition, formal study, and discussion. (Word count: Max 2500)

Comparing and Contrasting the poems The Seduction and Cousin Kate :: English Literature

Comparing and Contrasting the poems The Seduction and Cousin Kate. In this Essay I am going to be comparing and contrasting the poems â€Å"The Seduction† by Eileen McAuley and â€Å"Cousin Kate† by Christina Rosetti. I will also be analysing them using quotations to support what I’ve been saying. One poem was written in the nineteenth century and the other was written near the end of the 1900’s. This is just one of the differences I will be discussing in the following essay. I am going to begin with â€Å"The Seduction.† This poem is about a teenage girl who goes to a party. She meets a boy and starts falling head over heals in love with him because she is unable to see he is misleading her. She can’t understand that when he takes her to the docks he is only interested in sex and not her. He departs after he has got what wanted, leaving her pregnant. She is then left to face the scorn of her neighbourhood and realise she has been betrayed by the fake reality of her teenage magazines. In the first stanza of the poem, there are quotations such as â€Å"quiet bricks† and â€Å"Far past the silver stream of traffic† which show us a quiet place where people won’t see what the couple are about to do. â€Å"Blind Windows† is and example of personification which tells us about the neighbourhood’s view. They don’t want to see the problem of underage sex which the word â€Å"Blind† articulates. In general this paragraph is using beautiful words like â€Å"silver†, â€Å"morning† and â€Å"quiet† to contrast with the dull and bleak events about to unfold. Stanza two and three show how the boy is pushing the girl into this while she is unawares. An important quotation is â€Å"fumbled in a bag†. This shows that the boy is an inexpert lover. â€Å"His leather jacket creaked madly† could be connected with the last quotation. This shows that maybe he is seen as a bad boy and is only sleeping with the girl to uphold his reputation. Even if this is not the case, you can tell that he has no feelings for the girl when the poem goes onto say â€Å"he muttered little slag†. Next the poem tells us about the circumstances on which the couple met – at a party. It is at this point that the vital words â€Å"quite enchanted† and â€Å"her eyes were wide and bright† show us just how naà ¯ve the girl is. She is easily guided. Another important piece of evidence is when the boy states â€Å"eating me dinner†. The boy’s words tell us he is of a local working class background

Essay --

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common diseases of the hormonal system. Diabetes is a disease caused by a number of factors such as due to complete or partial loss of insulin production or complete or partial loss of its action or both. Whatever the type of diabetes, the main feature of all types of diabetes is elevated level of blood glucose termed as hyperglycemia. A disease forming alterations in capillary’s basement membrane thickening, elevation of matrix of vessel wall and proliferation cell leading to the vascular complications such as narrowing of the lumen, and early atherosclerosis. Diabetes is found to be related with the elevated generation of atherosclerosis that affects the arteries involve in the circulation to the heart, brain and lower extremities. As well as diabetic myocardial disease, is one of the complications of diabetes. Diabetes founds to affect about 100 million people all over the world. The conditions of diabetes leading to the introduction and gene ration of microvascular disorder that is results by the destruction of the small blood vessels and macrovascular disorders that results by the destruction of arteries. In diabetic patient the major reason of inability and death is the vascular disease mainly atherosclerosis. Diabetes elevates the risk of generating coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral disease. The alteration in the endothelial wall, vascular smooth muscles and functionally active platelets all lead to the pathophysiology progressing to vascular disease. The key factors that are the risk factor for the pathogenesis of vascular complication are elevated blood glucose levels, glucose intolerance, elevated lipid profile and hypertension. Deliberating various long term and threatening diabetic... ...vel also found elevated in the diabetic individuals as compare to the non diabetic individuals. All platelet indices like PLT, PCT, MPV and PDW are associated with the determination of platelet activity, in which elevated MPV and PDW has been documented as main a factor that is associated with the complications of thromboembolic. In previous study elevated MPV and PDW has been found with very poor control of glyceamic index. In previous study it is documented that elevated levels of MPV, PDW, and CRP in diabetic female as compare to the male with diabetes, developing thromboembolic complications. Positive relation in between glyceamic index controlling determining factors (FBG and HbA1c) and the indices of platelets (MPV, PDW) demonstrates that HbA1c and platelets indices can be used as alternate indicator for the diagnosis of diabetic complications in early state.

Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variations in Three Human Populations

The article â€Å"Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variations in Three Human Populations† provides detailed and examination of core individual differences in DNA sequences. The authors pay attention to genetic basis of human variability stressing that it is variability that identify differences in DNA sequences. The article touches the following issues: a dense SNP map; common SNPs in three populations; natural selection between populations; structure of common populations; LD and functional elements, etc.Further, the interesting moment is analyzing the impact of genetic variations on human health. They conducted their examination in more than 70 ancestries in Asian, American and African countries. The researchers revealed that linkage disequilibrium is the main reason of genetic variations. It means that functional genomic elements are correlated with particular regions of linkage imbalance. Then the authors proceed to identifying the role of common genome variations and t heir impact of human traits, ancestries and populations.71 unrelated individual were chosen for investigation: 23 African Americans, 24 Europeans and 24 Asians. The metrics were scored: call rate, observed genotype clusters, and consistency with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Actually, these tests are considered very effective because they ensure quality control. During investigation, researchers revealed more than 112 million individual genotypes, whereas the missing data accounts only 5%. Most of SNPs are found to be high-quality genotypes with polymorphic structure.Further, 94% of African Americans’ SNPs have two alleles, whereas only 84% of Europeans and Americans’ SNPs have two alleles. After reading the paper, two questions appear on the agenda: 1. What methods are the most effecting in analyzing phenotypic differences and DNA variations? 2. What are particular effects of genome variations on human psyche? References Hinds D. , Stuve L. , Nilsen G. B. , Halperi, E. , Eskin E. , Ballinger D. , Frazer K. , & Cox, D. (2005, February 18). Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variations in Three Human Populations. Science, 307, 1072-1079.

Coca Cola vs Pepsi: Background

Research Proposal |Student Number: | PROVISIONAL TITLE |Coca Cola Vs Pepsi: how a competitive brand proliferation has determined their dominance in the global soft drink industry? | BACKGROUND | | |It is not a foreign notion that both Coca Cola and Pepsi have been competing with one another in the global soft drinks industry for many years.From the | |early stages, of both the drink brands development from 1910, when Pepsi took on Coca Cola in the American carbonated drinks market franchising 24 | |states[1]. Too the current day in which Coca Cola this year celebrated, 84 years of being the official sponsors of the Olympic Games. As well as Pepsi | |wining the bid for sponsorship of the Superbowl halftime show once more; with last year’s show being viewed by an estimated 114 million globally. 2] | | | |Their soda war has been raging for over a century. When Caleb Bradham created Pepsi in 1898, Coca Cola had already been incorporated for 6 years by Asa | |Candler who purchas ed John S Pembertons Coke recipe, and was selling a million gallons a year. By the time Pepsi had franchised 24 states; Coca Cola had | |established bottling plants in Cuba, Canada and Panama and understood the power of advertising. Ploughing large amounts of profits into marketing with | |D’Archy Advertising Company.Over the next 20 years Pepsi suffers two bankruptcies the first in 1923, the start of World War I (WWI). When government | |policies on sugar rationing left the company with no other viable option and Pepsi Cola was sold to Craven Holdings Corp. After two years the trademark | |went bust once again in 1931. Here though good fortune comes in the form of Loft Inc a candy store chain, with its intuitive president Charles G Guth; | |they initiate the first competitive pricing strategy between the two firms. Pepsi Cola introduced the 12 ounce bottle for 5 nickel in 1933.With profits | |rising Pepsi produces their first advertising campaign for radio and jukebox: †˜Pepsi Cola Hits The Spot, Twelve Full Ounces That’s A Lot, Twice As Much For| |A Nickel, Too, Pepsi Cola Is The Drink For You’. During this time Coca Cola has established bottling operations in Bordeaux, Paris, Philippines’ | |establishing a global distribution network of resources. Resulting in a huge group investment of $25 million persuaded by Ernest Woodruff who would become| |President of Coke in 1923. The investment spurs Coke to spread to Australia Norway and South Africa. | | |By 1959 Coke is now a registered trademark under the name of The Coca Cola Company, their first ever television commercial has been advertised and the | |company’s distribution network crosses 100 countries and 1700 plants. From the 1940’s onwards Pepsi have learnt from previous events and at the beginning | |of World War II (WWII) purchase a sugar plantation in Cuba to avoid disruption to business. They have also developed their products container to a can, a | |m ore progressive and modern aversion from the traditional heavy glass bottle.By 1959 Pepsi was now available in a 120 countries; differentiating their | |target market the youth nicknamed the ‘sociables’. At this point, for the first time both Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola are equals. In the sense they have | |established equally strong global distribution networks and have similar levels of assets. | | | |Albeit in 1960 Coca Cola was not complacent with sharing the lime light with Pepsi Cola, and initiates a merger acquiring Minute Maid Corporation in | |response.This causes a domino effect over the next few years with Coca Cola introducing Sprite and Diet Coke. Pepsi Cola merges with Mountain Dew adding | |to their trademark and then merging into the snacks industry with Frito Lay Inc creating PepsiCo Inc, as well as introducing Diet Pepsi. Both brands have | |continued to develop and expand. To this day The Coca Cola Company is consists of over 400 brands[3] and Pepsi con sisting of 22 food and beverage | |brands[4]. | | |Although Coca Cola and PepsiCo are prestige brands, they both remain global market powers in a vigorously competitive soft drinks industry, valued at total| |value US$30. 3bn by 2008[5]. Their success is down too their strategic behaviour in response to changes in the market structure, changes in market demand | |and product development over the last 84 years. Both brands have practiced archetypal methods such as pricing strategies, mergers, product | |differentiation, in order to compete with one another for market dominance.To such an extent the market has developed into an oligopoly, in which they | |hold a large market share stifling other competition. This type of competition is discussed in great detail in the Journal of Economics and Management | |Strategy, where company strategic behavioural responses are explained by using various oligopoly competition theories such as Cournot, Bertrand competition| |and Pure strategy Nash equilibrium games. Some of the articles within the Journal are specific to Coca Cola and Pepsi, proving that my topic is both | |contemporary and relevant. 6] The journal also embarks on the effectiveness of constant research and development to maintain product differentiation in the| |market. [7] The journal contains articles relevant to the soft drinks industry[8] and articles that can explain certain company actions like recipe | |patents[9]. | | | |Coca Cola and Pepsi’s century long soda war can be analysed stage by stage, each brands reaction to the other is a carefully thought out plan in which the | |sole purpose is ultimately to overcome the rival brand last move in a continuingly competitive game. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES |The main objective of this piece of research is to examine the strategically competitive decisions made by both Coca Cola and Pepsi over the last 84 years;| |that have developed both brands into establishing themselves as significant pow ers in the global soft drinks industry. | | | |My aim is to go through both brands commercial history identifying key events and competitive moves, such as the first pricing strategy instigated by Pepsi| |in 1933, and Coca Cola’s merger of Minute Maid in 1960.Using officially endorsed company literature to establish a thorough history since 1986 to the | |present day. Such texts as ‘For God, Country and Coca Cola: The Definitive History of the World’s Most Popular Soft Drink’[10] and ‘Pepsi 100 Years’[11] | |and each corporations global web sites (www. pepsico. com/www. coca-cola. company. com) will be essential to collating a empirical investigation. | | |Once I have compiled a detailed history for both companies, it will be clear that there are certain strategies that have been used to increase either | |brands market power. I will use microeconomic theory with the aid of scholarly papers, journals and market records (some of which I have referenced in my | |background) to explain the reasoning behind instigating the strategies and why they were a success to either Coca Cola or Pepsi brand proliferation.I have| |already outlined briefly a few key implemented strategies in my background; the innovation of the Pepsi can, Nickel for a Nickel decade, Minute Maid | |Corporation merger, but there are other notable tactics. | | | |Each chapter will be based on an individual event or commercial decision which I will have identified after further investigation, with the chapters in a | |chronological order. In each chapter I will analyse the motive for the action, the economic strategy implemented and its direct effectiveness on the soft | |drinks industry.When concluding my research, I hope to have a synopsis of how; when the right strategy is applied in the right climate it can have a | |profound effect on a company’s demand and supply leading to increase in profits and market share too brand proliferation[12]. Alth ough my research is | |focused on coca cola corporation and PepsiCo it may be prudent to research another leading corporation within the global soft drinks industry i. e. Nestle | |Sa or Suntory Holdings Ltd. An investigation may reveal a ype of industrial organisational strategy which has not been used in Coca Cola and Pepsis | |relationship. I could provide this strategy as a suggested forthcoming policy to deal with Coca Cola and Pepsis modern day feud such as the Olympic | |sponsorship dispute[13] | REFERENCES |1. |Mark Pendegrast (2000). For God, Country and Coca Cola: The Definitive History of the World’s Most Popular Soft | | |Drink. 2nd ed. US: TEXERE (Thomson Corporation). ix-621. | |2. |Stoddard (1997). Pepsi: 100 Years.US: General Publishing Group U. S. 1-208. | |3. |Dhar, Tirtha 1 ; Chavas, Jean-Paul 2 ; Cotterill, Ronald W 3 ; Gould, Brian W 4 . (2005). An econometric analysis of | | |brand-level strategic pricing between Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo. An econometric analysis of brand-level strategic | | |pricing between Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo. 14 (4), 905-932. | |4. |J. C. Louis and Harvey Z. Yazijian. (1980). The Cola Wars: The Story of the Global Corporate Battle Between the | | |Coca-Cola Company and Pepsico, Inc. Business History Review. 5 (04), 386-590. | |5. |Dube, Jean-Pierre. (2005). Product differentiation and mergers in the carbonated soft drink industry. Product | | |differentiation and mergers in the carbonated soft drink industry. Journal of economics and management strategy 14 | | |(4), 879-904. | ———————– [1] Kim Bhasin. (02/11/2011). COKE VS. PEPSI: The Amazing Story Behind The Infamous Cola Wars. Available: http://www. businessinsider. com/soda-wars-coca-cola-pepsi-history-infographic-2011-11? op=1. Last accessed 04/11/2012. [2] Sports Illustrated. (2012). Pepsi